The traditional meaning of Primary treatment implies a sedimentation process to separate the readily settleable and floatable solids from the wastewater. The treatment unit used to settle raw wastewater is termed the primary sedimentation tank (basin), primary tank (basin), or primary clarifier. Sedimentation is the oldest and most widely used process in the successful treatment…
Category: Civil Engineering
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
The construction contractor’s capability to receive contracts and to finish them at a profit is determined by two important factors: cost of people and equipment. To be economically competitive, a contractor’s equipment must be mechanically and technically competitive. Timeworn machines, that require heavy and costly repairs, cannot compete successfully with new equipment having lower repair…
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF RAW WASTEWATER
GRIT CHAMBERS AND COMMINUTORS Preliminary treatment of wastewater is the removal of debris and coarse biodegradables from wastewater with or without stabilizing wastewater by chemical addition. The wastewater contains rags, grit, sticks, other large debris, and foreign objects. They make the operation process more complex and problematic. Therefore, the method of removal of those objects…
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF RAW WASTEWATER
RACKS AND SCREENS Preliminary treatment of wastewater is the removal of debris and coarse biodegradables from wastewater with or without stabilizing wastewater by chemical addition. The wastewater contains rags, grit, sticks, other large debris, and foreign objects. They make the operation process more complex and problematic. Therefore, the method of removal of those objects before…
PROCESSES USED IN WASTEWATER TREATMENTS
Natural waters in streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs have a natural waste assimilative capacity to remove solids and organic matter. Even toxic chemicals in the wastewater can be removed in natural systems up to some extent. However, it is a long process. Therefore, Wastewater treatment facilities are designed to speed up the natural purification process…
Waste Water Disposal
Objectives of wastewater treatments The traditional aim of wastewater treatment is to enable wastewater to be disposed of safely, without being a danger to public health and without polluting watercourses or causing other nuisances. Recovering energy, nutrients, water, and other valuable resources are other important aims of wastewater treatments. Wastewater is contaminated with a variety…
BAILEY BRIDGE CONSTRUCTIONS
Bailey Bridge is also known as a prefabricated road steel bridge. It was invented by British Engineer Donald Coleman Bailey in 1938. These bridges use high-strength steel as a material and are manufactured into a lightweight standardized bridge unit construction, including beams, longitudinal beams, bridge decks, bridge seats, and connectors. Bailey Bridge is a modular prefabricated…
MODIFICATIONS IN BUILDINGS – UNDERPINNING
The main objective of most underpinning work is to transfer the load carried by a foundation from its existing bearing level to a new level at a lower depth. Underpinning techniques can also be used to replace an existing weak foundation. An underpinning operation may be necessary for one or more of the following reasons:-…
Dewatering in Excavation
Groundwater is water that is held in soil, either in a non-saturated or saturated form. The water table is a line showing the change in water content in the soil, below which soil is saturated with water. Water in soil often acts as a lubricant. It increases the tendency of soil to slip or slide….
EXCAVATION in BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Introduction Excavation means to loosen and take out materials, leaving space above or below ground. In civil engineering, earthwork includes backfilling with new or original materials to voids, spreading, and leveling over an area. The content of the excavation proposal should include the following information: 1. Detail of method for ground protection treatment and dewatering….
Best Software for Civil Engineering
Choosing the “best” software for civil engineering largely depends on the specific needs of your projects, your budget, and your familiarity with the tool. Here’s a brief guide on the relative strengths of each software, considering their pros and cons: For General Civil Engineering Design AutoCAD Civil 3D For Structural Analysis and Design STAAD.Pro and…
The Essential Software for Civil Engineers in 2024
Civil engineering is a dynamic field that integrates the principles of engineering with the latest technological advancements to design, construct, and maintain essential infrastructure. To meet the demanding requirements of the profession, civil engineers rely heavily on specialized software tools. These programs not only improve productivity but also enhance accuracy, efficiency, and collaboration across projects….