Track or the Permanent way is the railroad on which trains run. It consists of two parallel rails having a specified distance in between and fastened to sleepers which are embedded in a layer of ballast of specified thickness spread over the formation. The rails are joined to each other by fish plates and bolts…
Category: Civil Engineering
PROFESSIONAL INDEMNITY INSURANCE
What is Professional Indemnity Insurance? Professional indemnity insurance is a form of liability insurance that provides cover for the financial consequences of professional negligence, following a breach of professional duty by way of neglect, error, or omission. In addition, an indemnity is provided regarding the legal and other costs and expenses incurred in the defense…
CONSTRUCTION RISKS AND INSURANCE
Hazards & Risks in Construction Projects Hazard – A situation or event whose realization has the potential for damage to human life, society, the economy, or the environment. Risk – Risk is the uncertainty of loss. Risk = Hazard x Probability of Occurrence Uncertainty of loss covers a range of losses from life to property…
Construction machinery/equipment – Renting vs. Purchasing equipment
The purchase of equipment represents a capital investment by the construction contractor. The contractor has to recover enough money to pay the ownership cost and operating costs of the equipment during its useful life. Together, he must make a profit on the investment. Therefore, any estimate must include the cost of equipment used on the…
Quality of mixing water for Concrete
Cement and aggregates are the main ingredients in making concrete. Water is the third. The quantity of water in the concrete mix strongly influences the strength of the resulting concrete. Undoubtedly, water is necessary to make the concrete mix adequately workable. There is another important thing. Water is necessary to hydrate the cement in the…
LIME – as a construction material
Lime was used throughout the world by ancient civilizations as a binding agent for brick and stone. The concept was brought to Britain in the first century AD by the Romans
Glass – as construction material
The term glass refers to materials, usually blends of metallic oxides, mainly silica, which do not crystallize when cooled from the liquid to the solid state. It is the non-crystalline or amorphous structure of glass that gives rise to its transparency
Techniques used to control groundwater
For keeping the area of excavation in dry condition, the water table should be maintained at least 0.5 m below the bottom of the excavation.
Singly Reinforced Beams – BS 8110:1:1997 – Example 1
A simply supported rectangular concrete beam of 7 m span carries a characteristic dead load (Gk), including self-weight of the beam, and imposed load (Qk) of 7 kNm and 5 kNm respectively.
Doubly Reinforced Beams – BS 8110:1:1997 – Example 1
A reinforced concrete beam has a rectangular section of breadth b = 225 mm and effective depth d = 450 mm. It has to carry a design moment of 300.0 kNm.
The Radius of Gyration (r)
The radius of gyration gives the stiffness of a section. It is based on the shape of the cross-section. Normally, we use this for compression members such as a column.
The nature of forces acting on buildings
Examples of vertically applied forces on building elements are the dead loads of the building structure and some live loads. These loads tend to move the structure in a downward direction