Energy efficient buildings can be defined as buildings that are designed to provide a significant reduction of the energy needed during day to day operation of the building. Buildings use energy at different levels and for different purposes in every stage of the life cycle. A large part of the energy (35–60%) is used for…
Tag: Civil Engineering
CALICUT TILE ROOFING – ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages
SEGREGATION OF CONCRETE
Segregation of concrete is the separation of cement paste and aggregates of the concrete from each other during handling and placement. Segregation also occurs due to over-vibration or compaction of concrete. During over-vibration, cement paste comes to the top and aggregates settle at the bottom, due to gravity. The strength and durability of concrete structures are…
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
The construction contractor’s capability to receive contracts and to finish them at a profit is determined by two important factors: cost of people and equipment. To be economically competitive, a contractor’s equipment must be mechanically and technically competitive. Timeworn machines, that require heavy and costly repairs, cannot compete successfully with new equipment having lower repair…
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF RAW WASTEWATER
GRIT CHAMBERS AND COMMINUTORS Preliminary treatment of wastewater is the removal of debris and coarse biodegradables from wastewater with or without stabilizing wastewater by chemical addition. The wastewater contains rags, grit, sticks, other large debris, and foreign objects. They make the operation process more complex and problematic. Therefore, the method of removal of those objects…
Waste Water Disposal
Objectives of wastewater treatments The traditional aim of wastewater treatment is to enable wastewater to be disposed of safely, without being a danger to public health and without polluting watercourses or causing other nuisances. Recovering energy, nutrients, water, and other valuable resources are other important aims of wastewater treatments. Wastewater is contaminated with a variety…
MODIFICATIONS IN BUILDINGS – UNDERPINNING
The main objective of most underpinning work is to transfer the load carried by a foundation from its existing bearing level to a new level at a lower depth. Underpinning techniques can also be used to replace an existing weak foundation. An underpinning operation may be necessary for one or more of the following reasons:-…
Dewatering in Excavation
Groundwater is water that is held in soil, either in a non-saturated or saturated form. The water table is a line showing the change in water content in the soil, below which soil is saturated with water. Water in soil often acts as a lubricant. It increases the tendency of soil to slip or slide….
EXCAVATION in BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Introduction Excavation means to loosen and take out materials, leaving space above or below ground. In civil engineering, earthwork includes backfilling with new or original materials to voids, spreading, and leveling over an area. The content of the excavation proposal should include the following information: 1. Detail of method for ground protection treatment and dewatering….
RAILWAY TRACK CONSTRUCTION
Track or the Permanent way is the railroad on which trains run. It consists of two parallel rails having a specified distance in between and fastened to sleepers which are embedded in a layer of ballast of specified thickness spread over the formation. The rails are joined to each other by fish plates and bolts…
MINIMIZING DISPUTES ARISING FROM BILL OF QUANTITIES
Disputes in Contracts in the construction industry are becoming common today. The construction disputes vary in their nature, size, and complexity. If contract documents are poorly drafted and badly managed, the results will be inevitable additional costs and additional liabilities to the Client. Before becoming disputes or recognized as disputes, the parties to the contract…
Construction machinery/equipment – Renting vs. Purchasing equipment
The purchase of equipment represents a capital investment by the construction contractor. The contractor has to recover enough money to pay the ownership cost and operating costs of the equipment during its useful life. Together, he must make a profit on the investment. Therefore, any estimate must include the cost of equipment used on the…